The Guardian is Clueless about Masters of the Universe

Supposedly, we’re getting a Masters of the Universe live action movie in 2026. Of course, a Masters of the Universe live action movie has been in development hell for almost twenty years at this point with production companies, directors and scripts – many of them sounding absolutely terrible – coming and going like a revolving door.

So most Masters of the Universe fans have fairly low expectations of a live action movie ever happening at all. One of the regulars of the German Masters of the Universe podcast Das He-Manische Quartett is infamous for his repeated statement “Der Film kommt nie” (The movie will never come).  Other fans have taken a wait and see attitude and basically say, “Well, I’ll believe it when I’m sitting in the theatre.” Expectations of the movie being actually good are also rather muted. After all, we’ve already been there in 1987 and while that movie has gained cult status by now, it wasn’t very well liked back in the day, because it took way too many liberties with the source material.

However, the proposed Masters of the Universe live action movie is currently in production again and we’re getting a steady trickle of casting news. Nicholas Galitzine, best known for Red, White and Royal Blue, is supposed to play Prince Adam/He-Man, Camila Mendes, best known for Riverdale, has been cast as Teela and just this week, Alison Brie, whom I mainly associate with her role as Trudy, Pete’s long-suffering and annoying wife in Mad Men, was announced as Evil-Lyn. So far, so fine, but I’ll still believe it when I see it.

That said, the casting of Alison Brie has attracted more mainstream attraction than the casting of Galitzine and Mendes, probably because Brie is better known. And so Ben Child, who has a weekly geek media column in The Guardian, penned a spectacularly clueless article about the proposed live action Masters of the Universe movie.

Even the headline is terrible: “Can Travis Knight’s He-Man movie do for boys what Greta Gerwig’s Barbie did for girls?”

Yes, we all know how fiercely gendered the toy industry is, but must we really perpetuate those shitty stereotypes, especially when we know they’re wrong? Because in the 1980s, Mattel found to their own surprise that forty percent of all Masters of the Universe toys were sold to girls, which is what prompted the introduction of She-Ra. The 1980s Filmation cartoon was eagerly watched by both boys and girls and though Masters of the Universe fandom skews male, there are a lot of female fans, me among them. This isn’t surprising either, because Masters of the Universe has always featured plenty of impressive female characters such as Teela, Evil-Lyn, the Sorceress, Queen Marlena and of course, She-Ra and her entire supporting cast. Finally, there is a remarkable number of male Barbie collectors as well.

Ben Child attempts to establish his fan credentials by pointing out that he used to watch the Filmation cartoon (though the article is illustrated with a promo images for the 2002 cartoon) and even owned a one-armed Man-at-Arms figure as a kid. However, he can’t resist pointing out how silly the cartoon was and it’s pretty obvious that he hasn’t rewatched the show since the 1980s and doesn’t seem to be familiar with later takes on the property from New Adventures via the 2002 cartoon and the 2018 She-Ra and the Princesses of Power to the recent CGI Netflix show and Masters of Universe Revelation/Revolution at all.

Instead, Ben Child’s image of Masters of the Universe seems to be coloured mainly by memes and jokes such as the whole “Prince Adam singing ‘What’s Going On?’ by the Four Non-Blondes” meme (and honestly, what is it with that video? The combination of early 1990s indie music and Masters of the Universe never made any sense).

Ben Child also insists on comparing Masters of the Universe to Barbie, because both are based on toylines, even though Barbie and Masters of the Universe are completely different types of toys. Barbie’s big selling point is that she can be whatever you want her to be and doesn’t really have a defined story beyond some vague basics. Masters of the Universe, on the other hand, comes with a defined story, characters and worldbuilding (even if there are several conflicting continuities). He-Man is not the male answer to Barbie, that would be Mattel’s Big Jim line from the 1970s, which indirectly influenced Masters of the Universe because several toys and accessories (Battle Cat, Panthor, Zoar, Screech, Webstor’s grapling hook and Beast-Man’s whip) were repurposed from the Big Jim line to save costs.

As a result, making a Barbie movie posed very different challenges then making a He-Man movie. Because Barbie doesn’t have a defined story, so the Greta Gerwig had to come up with one and decided to send Barbie into the real world. The result was a lot better than it had any right to be. He-Man, however, has a defined story and most people who go to see a He-Man movie will want to see a version of that story. Part of the reason why the 1987 movie failed was that instead of giving the audience what they wanted to see, namely a live action version of the Filmation cartoon set on Eternia (which to be fair would have been extremely expensive to produce in 1987), the movie instead sent He-Man, Skeletor and their respective friends and associates to Earth and inserted them into a 1980s teen drama. I actually enjoy the 1987 movie now (and I should probably write a detailed review for this blog), but back in the day this film wasn’t what anybody wanted to see.

Ben Child acknowledges the existence of the 1987 movie, but he’s clearly not a fan. Instead, he calls the movie “fiercely po-faced and clunky” and finds it unbelievable that Frank Langella, who’s generally considered to be the best thing about the film and who is on record that Skeletor is one of his favourite roles in his stellar career, would debase himself to appear in such a film. Honestly, has Ben Child had any contact with Masters of the Universe since the 1980s at all?

The main problem with the article is that Ben Child seems unable to view Masters of the Universe as anything other than a joke. He writes:

Yet, it’s also possible to imagine how, in the right hands, Masters of the Universe might be ripe for forward-thinking, culturally adept satire. If Barbie is the stereotypical archetype of a woman, as seen by young girls who haven’t realised that they are viewing the entire world through a male-curated prism, surely He-Man is her XY chromosomed equivalent. Are preteen boys preternaturally designed to imagine it’s impossible to be a hero unless you are willing to destroy your health through extreme steroid use, or is the world they have grown up in telling them this?

I’m sorry, but a forward-thinking, culturally adept satire is not at all what I or any other Masters of the Universe fan wants to see. What fans want to see is a movie that takes the premise and characters of Masters of the Universe seriously. And in fact, we already have a stellar example of a serious and more adult take on Masters of the Universe, which still embraces the beautiful weirdness and absurdity of the 1980s original, in Masters of the Universe Revelation/Revolution (whose producers Rob David and Ted Biaselli asked showrunner Kevin Smith to take the material seriously and treat it like Shakespeare), while the Netflix CGI show offers an updated take on the premise for today’s kids and the 2018 She-Ra and the Princesses of Power did the same for He-Man’s twin sister. And no, this doesn’t mean that there isn’t room for humor. Masters of the Universe Revelation/Revolution, the CGI show and the 2018 She-Ra all have plenty of humor and jokes and Kevin Smith even snuck a fisting joke into Revelation, but they still take their premise and characters seriously. Mere minutes after Fisto makes a fisting joke, he gets brutally killed and has his soul snuffed out be Skeletor and you’ll probably cry, even if you weren’t a huge fan of the character as a kid. Also note that the Barbie movie for its satirical moments does take Barbie and Ken seriously and treats them as characters rather than stereotypes.

What is more, Ben Child is completely wrong when he views He-Man as a stereotype of toxic masculinity, because that’s not at all what he is. Because Masters of the Universe has always subverted gender stereotypes. And so we see Adam engaging in female-coded activities like baking or cooking or reading or bottle-feeding Baby Cringer, while Teela not only has the male-coded job of Captain of the Royal Guard and Prince Adam’s bodyguard, but is also stronger, more athletic and a better fighter than Adam in his untransformed form. Masters of the Universe has shown us men crying, when this was still a culture taboo. It gave us a woman chosing her career as Sorceress of Grayskull over motherhood, it gave us a nuturing single Dad who somehow managed to juggle parenthood and a demanding career and it gave us a female NASA astronaut turned alien queen well before Sally Ride. There’s even a whole episode with the message “men and women are equal and better together”. Finally, He-Man’s muscles don’t derive from steroids, but from the Power of Grayskull.

But it gets worse. Child writes:

Why does the wimpy Adam of Eternia have to transform into the impossibly hunky and muscley He-Man before he can actually get anything done? Perhaps Adam and Cringer (the pathetic alter ego of space tiger Battle Cat) can emerge as the true heroes of Masters of the Universe, gaining the keys to the cosmos via a balanced view of gender politics and deep understanding of the nuances of feminine strength and leadership, rather than just smashing Skeletor’s skull with a sword.

Again, every single word of this is wrong. There are many examples of Adam and Cringer being heroic and brave without turning into He-Man and Battle Cat, from the Filmation cartoon onwards all the way to Revelation/Revolution, which makes it very clear that Adam is the heart of the story. Adam is also smart and resourceful, both as himself and his alter-ago. He-Man isn’t a mindless brute, except for the roughly fifteen minutes when he becomes Savage He-Man in Revelation and beats the ever-loving crap out out Skeletor, a scene which is so remarkable for how uncharacteristic that behaviour is. As for the “deep nuances of feminine strength and leadership”, have you met Teela? Or the Sorceress or Queen Marlena or Lyn or Andra?

Honestly, if you think that He-Man is just about smashing Skeletor’s skull with a sword, something he never does anywhere in the history of Masters of the Universe, though Savage He-Man whacks Skeletor with a battle axe at one point, you really need to rewatch the Filmation cartoon (try “The Problem with Power”) or the 2002 cartoon or just watch Masters of the Universe Revelation/Revolution.

I’m not the only Masters of the Universe fan to take issue with Ben Child’s very simplicistic take on He-Man. Here is a Twitter thread by Dad-at-Arms, which counters Ben Child’s claims with multiple examples of Adam being heroic and Teela being amazing.

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Some Comments on the 2024 Dragon Award Winners

The winners of the 2024 Dragons Awards were announced today at Dragon Con in Atlanta, Georgia. The full list of winners may be found here.

I’ve been following the Dragon Awards since their inception in 2016, so I guess  I’m committed/cursed to cover the Dragon Awards at this point. Though I skipped covering the nominations this year, because I was on route to Worldcon in Glasgow when Dragon Con announced them and my travel laptop is so slow that posting to the blog while travelling wasn’t really possible. Plus, I have a backlog of things I need to cover and am also busy with translation work and other stuff, so I never got around to covering the Dragon Award finalists this year.

So I’ll just refer you to Camestros Felapton’s coverage of the 2024 Dragon Award finalists as well as of a minor scandal which erupted when one of the finalists in the Best Illustrative Category was disqualified for having used generative AI to design the cover, even though the Dragon Awards did not specify that AI covers were not eligible. Plus, it seems other covers on the ballot used AI as well, but were not as honest about it as the disqualified finalist. Much as I dislike generative AI, stating your policy on AI and disqualifying finalists after the fact is not a good look, though on par for the shambolic nature of the Dragons.

Anyway, since I don’t have a lot of time to deal with this stuff right now, let’s delve right into the categories:

Best Science Fiction Novel

The 2024 Dragon Award for Best Science Fiction Novel goes to Starter Villain by John Scalzi. Now a lot of people seem to view Starter Villain as a lesser Scalzi, but it was a Hugo finalist this year and its Dragon win isn’t a huge surprise, since John Scalzi is very popular and the Dragons are a popular vote award. Besides, John Scalzi winning a Dragon Award will also royally annoy those far right writers and fans who decided to position the Dragons as an alternative to the Hugos, where the real nutty nuggets could win.

The rest of the ballot mostly doesn’t look very surprising either. The Saint of Bright Doors by Vajra Chandrasekera was also a Hugo finalist this year and System Collapse by Martha Wells would have made the ballot, if Wells hadn’t declined the nomination. The Jinn-Bot of Shantiport by Samit Basu and These Burning Stars by Bethany Jacobs were both novels which got a lot of positive buzz. I’m not familiar with Beyond the Ranges by John Ringo and James Aidee, but John Ringo and his co-authors have been popular with Dragon Award voters, particularly in the now defunct military science fiction category. The only surprise finalist in this category is Theft of Fire by Devon Eriksen, a self-published science fiction novel by an author who seems to be more notable for weird conspiracy theories about how feminism is to blame for the US obesity epidemic than for his writing. Still, we’ve seen self-published authors with enthusiastic fans make the Dragon ballot before.

Best Fantasy Novel

The winner of the 2024 Dragon Award for Best Fantasy Novel is Iron Flame by Rebecca Yarros. This isn’t a surprise at all, because Rebecca Yarros is a hugely popular breakout romantasy author and her novels Fourth Wing and Iron Flame are Twilight/Da Vinci Code/Fifty Shades of Gray level mega-bestsellers. In fact, I’m surprised that Rebecca Yarros didn’t even make the longlist for the Astounding Award let alone the ballot this year, unless she wasn’t eligible. Because like her work or not – and I have to admit that I haven’t read it – she’s huge.

The rest of the ballot also doesn’t hold any surprises. He Who Drowned the World by Shelley Parker-Chan also made the Hugo longlist this year, plus Shelley Parker-Chan won the Astounding Award in 2022. House of Open Wounds by Adrian Tchaikovsky and The Water Outlaws by S.L. Huang got a lot of positive buzz and My Brother’s Keeper is a new novel by Tim Powers, who is always worth checking out. Rounding out the ballot, there is Three Kinds of Lucky by Kim Harrison, who is a hugely popular urban fantasy author who came up during the massive urban fantasy boom of the early 2000s.

Best Young Adult / Middle Grade Novel

The 2023 Dragon Award for Best Young Adult and Middle Grade Novel goes to Midnight at the Houdini by Delilah S. Dawson. Again, this isn’t a hugely surprising win, because Delilak S. Dawson is a very popular and this is probably the best known finalist in this category.

I’m not the target audience for YA and middle grade books and I have to admit that the only other author in this category I’ve ever heard of is Shami Stovall, a self-published/small press author who was a finalist in the same category last year.

Best Alternate History Novel

The winner of the 2024 Dragon Award for Best Alternate History Novel is All the Dead Shall Weep by Charlaine Harris. Once again, this isn’t a surprising winner at all, since Charlaine Harris is hugely popular as the author of the Southern Vampire Chronicles series that the True Blood TV series was based upon. There was a time during the heyday of that TV series that Charlaine Harris has ten books on the New York Times bestseller list at the same time. Even if the SFF community never really acknowledged Charlaine Harris, probably because she started out as a mystery writer, in the wider world she’s as well known as George R.R. Martin.

The rest of the ballot isn’t overly surprising either. Cahokia Jazz by Francis Spufford was a mainstream hit and just won the Sidewise Award. Meanwhile, Harry Turtledove and the late Eric Flint (plus co-authors) are probably the best known authors of alternate history in recent times and Tom Kratman is a Baen author with a big fanbase. The only book I wasn’t familiar with is Devil’s Battle by Taylor Anderson, though apparently the series hit the New York Times besteller list, so it’s clearly popular. In fact, the most surprising thing about the alternate history category of the Dragons may be why it still exists, when all the other smaller subgenre categories like post-apocalyptic fiction, military SFF or media tie-in have long been eliminated.

Best Horror Novel

The 2024 Dragon Award for Best Horror Novel goes to Black River Orchard by Chuck Wendig. Once more, this win isn’t even remotely surprising, because Chuck Wendig is a very popular horror author. Plus, his Dragon win will also infuriate the usual suspects who hate him, because he dared to put gay characters into a Star Wars novel.

The Reformatory by Tananarive Due got a lot of acclaim and also won this year’s Stoker Award. The Dead Take the A Train by Richard Kadrey and Cassandra Khaw got a lot of positive attention and F. Paul Wilson is a very popular author with a big following. The remaining two finalists in this category were a bit surprising, at least to me. The Hollow Dead by Darcy Coates appears a paranormal cozy mystery rather than a horror novel, but since there is no category for paranormal mysteries, this category was probably the best fit. Dead Storm Rising by Shane Gries, finally, would have felt more at home in the defunct military SFF or post-apocalyptic fiction categories, but since those no longer exist, it ended up in the horror category. However, considering that the first ever Dragon Award winner for  Best Horror Novel was a religiously tinged space opera rather than an actual horror novel, this isn’t too shocking.

Best Illustrative Book Cover

The winner of the 2024 Dragon Award for Best Illustrative Cover is Kelly Chong’s cover for Of Jade and Dragons by Amber Chen. This is a beautiful cover and a highly worthy winner.

Best Comic Book/Graphic Novel

The 2024 Dragon Award for Best Comic Book or Graphic Novel goes to Monstress by Marjorie Liu, Sana Takeda. This isn’t a huge surprise, since Monstress is also a multiple Hugo winner in this category and has some of the most beautiful artwork in comics right now.

A look at the rest of the ballot shows that this category is very DC heavy with Batman, Nightwing, Canary and Wonder Woman all nominated, while X-Men Forever holds up the Marvel flag.  It’s also notable that this is the first time in three years that the winner in this category was not a Dune graphic novel.

Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series

The winner of the 2024 Dragon Award for Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series is Fallout. This is another unsurprising winner, because Fallout was very popular and also a lot of fun.

The rest of the ballot is basically a rundown of popular SFF TV series that aired during the eligibility period. We have 3 Body Problem, Ahsoka, Loki, Good Omens, House of the Dragon, Star Trek: Strange New World and For All Mankind. The only finalist in this category that’s remotely surprising is Monarch: Legacy of Monsters, a kaiju series. And even that one got a lot of buzz and besides, you can never go wrong with kaiju.

Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie

The 2024 Dragon Award for Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie goes to Dune, Part 2. I guess you can’t have a Dragon Award ballot without Dune somewhere and I vastly prefer the movie to the tie-in graphic novels. I also fully expect to see Dune, Part 2 on the Hugo ballot next year, if not winning.

The rest of the ballot consists of Barbie, Godzilla Minus One (which could win an Oscar, but can’t manage to win any of the genre awards) and Furiosa, none of which are very surprising finalist. The two finalists which do surprise me a little are Wonka and The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes, because no one seemed to like either film very much and both are prequels to stories that didn’t need a prequel.

Best Digital Game

The winner of the 2024 Dragon Award for Best Digital Game is Baldur’s Gate 3, which also won the Hugo Award in this category. No surprise there, it’s so popular that even I have heard of it.

Best Tabletop Game

The 2023 Dragon Award for Best Tabletop Game goes to D&D The Deck of Many Things. This is another unsurprising winner, because it is D&D, which is hugely popular and the thousand pound gorilla of SFF tabletop games.

***

All in all, after nine years the Dragon Awards do exactly what they were intended to do, namely award broadly popular SFF works with big fanbases. We still see some of the more offbeat finalists that characterised the early years of the award on occasion, but they no longer win. Camestros Felapton pointed out that Dragon Award ballot was quite Baen heavy this year (no surprise, since Baen traditionally has a big presence at Dragon Con), though it’s notable that no Baen title won.

So in short, the Dragons have became exactly the sort popular vote/popular winners award that the puppy-adjacent organisers envisioned back in 2016. However, I suspect they wouldn’t be too happy with the winners, which are heavy on the girl cooties (Rebecca Yarros, Charlaine Harris, Delilah S. Dawson) and on male authors the puppies dislike (John Scalzi, Chuck Wendig).

Finally – and this is an unintentional, if not unexpected result – the Dragons have also become the award for urban fantasy and romantasy series that sell like the proverbial hotcakes, even though the SFF community and other genre awards like to pretend these books don’t exist. And personally, this makes me happy, because I have always been irked by how the Hugos and Nebulas tend to ignore urban fantasy and romantasy, even though I have zero interest in Iron Flame.

ETA: Camestros Felapton briefly weighs in on the 2024 Dragon Award winners and also shares some stats regarding the gender breakdown of the winners. He also notes that all winners in the Best Science Fiction Novel category so far have been men and that Timothy Zahn is the author with the highest number of Dragon Award wins, followed by David Weber and T. Kingfisher.

At Women Write About Comics, Doris V. Sutherland shares a write-up of the 2024 Dragon Award winners as well as a summary of the uproar regarding the disqualification of Cedar Sanderson’s cover for the anthology The Goblin Market

At Whatever, John Scalzi briefly shares his joy at winning the Dragon Award for Best Science Fiction Novel for Starter Villain. This is already his second Dragon Award win BTW, following his win in 2020 in the same category for The Last Emperox.

ETA 2: Responses from the puppy sphere and SFF’s far right in general to the 2024 Dragon Awards have been fairly muted, but those I found are not happy.

On Twitter, Jon Del Arroz declares that the Dragon Awards are just as rigged as the Hugos and that the Sad Puppies accomplished nothing. The first part of that statement is the usual nonsense, the second part is an example of rare insight.

A Substack newsletter called Fandom Pulse has a longer article, also apparently written by Del Arroz, lamenting what he views as the decline of the Dragon Awards due to John Scalzi and Chuck Wendig winning, which he blames on Tor Books, even though only one of the winners, Starter Villain by John Scalzi, was actually published by Tor. The remaining fiction winners were published by Del Rey, Saga Press, Entangled Publishing and Delacorte Press. The article also focusses solely on the wins for John Scalzi and Chuck Wendig as well as Monstress in the comic category, all of whom are described as Hugo favourites, even though Chuck Wendig was only ever a finalist for what was then the Campbell Award (now the Astounding Award, which is famously not a Hugo) in 2013, where he lost to Mur Lafferty. There is no mention of the wins for Rebecca Yarros, Charlaine Harris and Delilah S. Dawson at all, probably because they don’t fit the point the author is trying to make.

Last but not least, two other awards also announced their winners at Dragon Con. The winner of the 2024 Eugie Foster Memorial Award for Short Fiction is “The Sound of Children Screaming” by Rachael K. Jones, which was also a Hugo finalist this year.

Meanwhile, the winner of the 2024 Mike Resnick Memorial Award for the best unpublished science fiction short story by a new author is “When I was Your Age” by Sam Brown.

 

Posted in Books, Comics, Film, TV | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 12 Comments

Cora Goes to Erasmuscon, the 2024 Eurocon in Rotterdam

Erasmuscon banner

After the con is before the con. In this case, two days before the con, because only one and a half days after I returned from the 2024 Worldcon in Glasgow, I’m off again to the 2024 Eurocon in Rotterdam in the Netherlands. This means that you’ll have to wait a bit longer for my Worldcon report and Hugo commentary (and Dragon Award commentary), because I barely had time to do laundry and unpack and repack my suitcase today.

Two cons in two different countries on two consecutive weekends is not great timing and normally, I would have skipped one of them. However, I absolutely wanted to go to Erasmuscon, because it’s in Rotterdam, where my Dad worked from 1983 to 1990 and where I spent some very happy times indeed. What is more, I actually saw the location of the con, the Beurs World Trade Center, being built from my Dad’s kitchen window, though I’ve never been inside. So of course I had to go.

I’ll also be on the following panels:

Panel Female creators, how far have we come?

Time: Sunday, August 18, 2024, 11:30
Location: Mees

Description: Once upon a time, our female authors hid their identity with a male or unisex pen name so they were treated equally as men. Works created by women were taken less seriously. Finding an audience was harder for women than for men. Has this changed? Or do we still need to put these statements in the present tense? Come listen to the women who have been creating books, art, and movies for at least ten years. What has changed during their careers? Have they bridged the gap with their male colleagues and left the bias behind them, or is there still work to do?

Moderator: Kim ten Tusscher
Panelists: Bo Balder, Kathryn Sullivan, Cora Buhlert

Panel DIY: the ins and outs of self publishing

Time: Sunday, Sunday, August 18, 2024, 16:00
Location: Penn

Description: How to get your work published? This modern day and age give you many options. This panel will discuss the self-publishing option, including authors who found non-conventional ways to get their work published and to fans. They will discuss the paths they took and welcome questions from the audience.

Moderator: Cora Buhlert
Panelists: Jasper Polane, Sophia Drenth, Joost Uitdehaag

So if you’re at Erasmuscon, say hello to me.

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Brief Worldcon Update – and a Fannish Poem

I had a great time at the Glasgow Worldcon, but the internet in my hotel isn’t great. Plus, it turns out that my travel laptop is on its last legs and extremely slow. So you’ll have to wait a bit longer for my Worldcon report as well as the Hugo winner and Dragon Award finalist commentaries, especially since I’m off to Eurocon in Rotterdam almost directly after Worldcon (I have one and a half days to do laundry and shuffle clothes from one suitcase to another). I’ll post my Eurocon schedule once I’m back at home.

But for now, since I’m at the hotel, waiting for the taxi that will pick me up at 3:45 AM to take me to the airport, enjoy this poem I wrote. Any resemblances to persons living, dead or undead are entirely coincidental.

The Phantom of the Armadillo

There’s a spectre haunting Glasgow,
a spectre by the name of Dave.
You might spot him lurking in hotel bars
and skulking around the Armadillo,
forever on the outside,
longingly gazing,
at all the fun had within.

‘Twas scarcely a year ago,
that he was one of them,
wined and dined and feted
and treated like royalty.

And now he’s a pariah,
shunned and barred from entry
and fated to be cursed out
by women in glamorous hats.

How could this happen?
How could it ever come to this?
After all, it’s not his fault that
those Hugos arrived broken.
And surely no one cares about those stats.
And Nepal, Tibet, who
can tell the difference anyway?

And so the spectre of Dave
continues to haunt Glasgow,
forever trapped on the outside,
looking in, ignored
by those who don’t know him
and cursed by those who do,
his very name a cautionary tale
to scare young fans at the con bar.

“Have you…” the old-timers whisper,
“…heard the story of Dave who
fucked aorund with the Hugos and
found out how long
fandom’s memories can be?”

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Cora goes to the 2024 Worldcon in Glasgow, Scotland – plus bonus He-Man and Teela

Glasgow Worldcon bannerThis week, I’m off to Glasgow for Worldcon. I’ll be flying very early on Tuesday morning and will be gone for a week, then I have two days at home to do laundry, etc…, before I’m off to Rotterdam for Erasmuscon, the 2024 Eurocon. The timing is not great. I think the reason the two cons are so close together is that the organisers wanted to make it easy for overseas visitors to attend both cons in a single trip. However, Rotterdam is not as attractive for overseas visitors as it is for me, who spent some very formative times there, so it looks as if Eurocon will be mostly European fans.

So there will be light to no blogging for the next two weeks and plenty of photos and con reports and Hugo discussion (come on, you know there’ll be Hugo discussion) once I get back. You can also get live updates of what I’m up to on Twitter, Threads, BlueSky or Mastodon.

In the meantime, the Speculative Fiction Showcase and the Indie Crime Scene will still be chugging along, including (somewhat truncated) link round-ups.

But should you find yourself in Glasgow for Worldcon or in Rotterdam for Erasmuscon (schedule will be posted separately), say hello to me. You might even get a tasty North German treat (while supplies last).

You can also find me and several other fine folks on the following panels:

A World Tour Through Comics

Saturday, August 10, 2024, 16:00 BST

Location: Alsh 2, Duration: 60 mins, In Person

Panelists: Barbara Postema (moderator), Cora Buhlert, DestructCode (As an artist), Fulvio Gatti

Whether you call them bande dessinées, historietas, manga, manhua or comics, stories told with sequential art have a long history and a global appeal. Regional traditions can influence each other through publishing styles and ideas, and in this panel we’ll take a tour through the shared history and culture of comics.

The Conclusion of the Retro Hugo Era

Saturday, August 10, 2024, 19:00 BST

Location: Carron, Duration: 60 mins, In Person, Online

Panelists: Cora Buhlert, David E. Hook (moderator), Mark Plummer, Perrianne Lurie, TrishEM

The Retro Hugo Awards, a tradition where Worldcons retrospectively awarded prizes for years prior to the establishment of the Hugo Awards, have had both avid supporters and vocal critics. The last two Worldcons eligible to grant Retro Hugos opted not to do so, and Glasgow is following suit. Does this signify the demise of the Retro Hugos? And if so, is this necessarily detrimental?

Women of Post-war Science Fiction: Writers, Editors, Fans, Artists.

Sunday, August 11, 2024, 13:00 BST

Location: Meeting Academy M4, Duration: 60 mins, In Person

Panelists: Carrie Cooper, Claire Brialey, Cora Buhlert (moderator), David E. Hook, Gabrielle de Cuir

It would be wrong to think of post-war science fiction as a boys club with a “No Girls Allowed” sign on the door. Women were active as writers, editors, fans, and artists, key players in the scene even if outnumbered by their male counterparts. Look back with us on the contribution of these often fascinating characters of late 1940s science fiction.

The full program guide for the 2024 Worldcon in Glasgow may be found here.

***

However, I’m not going to travel to Glasgow on my own. I’ll be bringing along two friends, so let’s take a look at their travel preparations.

Eternos Palace, the private quarters of the royal family:

He-Man is looking at two swords in his living room, while Teela looks on.

The furniture is IKEA doll house furniture.

“I guess I’ll take both the Power Sword and the Sword of Ancients to Glasgow, just to be on the safe side.”

“No, Adam, we have limited space and you’re taking only one sword.”

“But…”

“Only one sword.”

He-Man puts the Sword of Ancients on top of the bookshelf, while Teela looks on.“Okay, the Sword of the Ancients stays here. Happy now?”

“Yes.”

“But why do you get to take a shield and a sword?”

“A girl needs to defend herself. Besides, I’m the Captain of the Guard and your bodyguard, Adam.”

“You are aware that I’m He-Man, the most powerful man in the Universe?”

“But what if you lose your sword and can’t transform?”

“That’s why I wanted to take a spare.”

He-Man holds a pillow, while Teela looks on.“Can I at least take my heart pillow?”

“No. They have pillows on Earth. Your mother confirmed that.”

“But my heart pillow is so soft and cuddly.”

“Adam, no. The pillow stays here.”

“You’re no fun.”

He-Man and Teela sit on the sofa.“So are you excited to visit your mother’s home, Adam?”

“Of course. Though we’re not exactly visiting Mom’s home. Earth is a big planet and Glasgow is in a completely different part of the world than where Mom grew up. Like Eternos and Avion are different places.”

“So Glasgow is like Avion?”

“Well, Mom says that Stratos sounds like he’s Scottish, so I guess it is.”

Gwildor arrives, brandishing the cosmic key.“Hey there, No canoodling. Or as Orko would call it, training. But then Orko is as idiotic as he is short.”

“Thanks for taking us to Glasgow, Gwildor.”

“No problem, no problem at all. My Cosmic Key can send you anywhere or anytime in the universe, as long as I know the right melody. So let’s see. Keying up the coordinates for Glasgow, Scotland, Earth.”

Duh-duu-dummm!

Adam and Teela sit on the sofa.

“Glasgow, here we come.”

ZOOM.

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Comic Review: Masters of the Universe Revolution Prequel #3 by Ted Biaselli, Rob David, Tim Sheridan and Daniel HDR

This post continues my issue by issue review of the Masters of the Universe Revolution prequel comic mini-series written by Ted Biaselli, Rob David and Tim Sheridan with art by Daniel HDR and Keith Champagne with a look at issue 3. Go here for my takes on issue 1 and issue 2.

Warning: Spoilers behind the cut! Continue reading

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Cora Goes to the Virtual SpiralCon

SpiralCon 3 Poster

We are interrupting your regularly scheduled Hugo drama for a con announcement. There’ll be more of those in the days to come, because I’m planning to attend four cons – three physical and one virtual – over the next months and I’m on programming at three of them.

We’ll start off with SpiralCon 3, a virtual con focussed on sword and sorcery, cosmic horror, space opera and adjacent fields, put on by the good people of Spiral Tower Press, home of Whetstone, Witch House and Waystation magazines.

SpiralCon takes place on Saturday, July 27, 2024, i.e. tomorrow (yes, I know I’m late with this announcement), it’s virtual and it’s free, i.e. everybody can attend.

The full program schedule is here.

I’m on two panels:

The Appeal of Contemporary S&S,

Saturday, July 27, 2024, 11:00 to 11:50 am EST

The panel description should be here, though at the moment there’s only a list of panelists and a bio. But then the title is pretty self-explanatory.

Moderator: Sean CW Korsgaard is a United States Army veteran, an award-winning photojournalist, and a freelance reporter with articles published in titles such as The New York Times, VFW Magazine, and Analog. He served as an assistant editor and media relations manager at Baen Books until 2023 and is recognized for his contributions to science fiction and fantasy, including co-editing the anthology Worlds Long Lost. His most recent project orbits his love of sword and sorcery fiction as he is founding a new magazine, Battleborn. Korsgaard holds a degree in mass communications and history from Virginia Commonwealth University.

Panelists: Matt Holder, Cora Buhlert, and Dr. John “Cal” Baldari

Barbarians at the Gates: The Second Sword and Sorcery Boom and the Birth of the Modern Fantasy Genre.

Saturday, July 27t, 2024, 01:30 to 02:20 pm EST

Panel Description: In the mid 1960s, fantasy exploded into the mainstream, when Ace (illegally) published Lord of the Rings in paperback and Lancer began reprinting the Conan stories with Frank Frazetta covers and new material added. Both were huge successes and opened the floodgates for a Barbarian boom that lasted into the early 1980s. However, the sword and sorcery revival had been simmering under the radar since around 1960, when Cele Goldsmith began publishing sword and sorcery in the pages of Fantastic and John Carnell did the same in the UK in Science Fantasy. Fritz Leiber returned to Fafhrd and Gray Mouser, new writers like Michael Moorcock, Lin Carter, Joanna Russ and Roger Zelazny entered the genre and the fanzine Amra provided a place for fans and writers of the still nameless genre to get together. This panel will explore how the 1960s sword and sorcery boom came to be and how it continues to influence the fantasy genre until this day.

Moderator: Cora Buhlert: Buhlert is a Hugo Award-winning author based in Bremen, Germany. She holds an MA degree in English from the University of Bremen. Buhlert has published a wide array of stories, articles, and poetry in various international magazines. Her literary works span multiple genres, including pulp-style thrillers, space opera series, and the Thurvok and Kurval sword and sorcery series. Buhlert won the 2022 Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer and the 2021 Space Cowboy Award. She also works as a professional translator and has experience teaching English and German as a foreign language.

Panelists: Cora Buhlert, Paul Weimer, Brian Collins, and Kris Vyas-Myall.

ETA: Shownotes with links to the panelists websites, social media, etc… are now online.

So what are you waiting for? Come and see us at SpiralCon tomorrow.

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We’re Having Hugo Drama… Again

Apparently, we are not able to get through an awards season without Hugo drama and Worldcon drama in general. Especially since I really don’t have time for this right now, cause I have to prepare for three cons where I’m on programming, plus I’m still trying to write a story every day and I also have to work to pay for food, power (just ordered the yearly supply of oil for the furnace), books, toys, Worldcons and other essentials.

So since I’m busy, this is going to be a fairly short post, amended as and if necessary.

Earlier today, in the Hugo finalist Discord (which I founded, so I’m active there, even though I’m not a finalist this year), finalists were talking about receiving an e-mail about a virtual town hall meeting for all finalists that was set up on short notice. These virtual meetings are not unusual and usually involve logistical issues and since I’m not a finalist this year, I didn’t pay much attention.

Anyway, it turns out that the Glasgow Hugo administration team dropped a bombshell at this virtual town hall meeting and later also in a public statement, which can be found here. There’s also a YouTube video of the statement by 2024 Hugo administrator Nichlas Whyte, which has some additional information.

Basically, it turned out that there had been an attempt to stuff the Hugo ballot by someone or rather someones buying a large number of supporting membership with blatantly false names like several variations of the same name (John L. Smith, John S. Smith, Joan Smith, Joanne Smith, J. Smith, etc…) as well as consecutive numbers. These fake members bullet-voted for a particular finalist and generally submitted very unusual ballots.

The Hugo team caught this and disqualified 377 obviously fraudulent votes altogether, which is almost ten percent of the total. The finalist who was the beneficiary these fraudulent votes was not disqualified and has not been publicly named, since there is no evidence that they were aware of any of this.

This is obviously a big deal and even though there have been attempts to game finalists onto the ballot before, I don’t think any person, entity or group has ever attempted to manipulate the final voting, since it takes many more votes to win a Hugo than to make the ballot. Also, a supporting a.k.a. WSFS membership costs 50 US-dollars, so this is also quite expensive – roughly 19000 US-dollars – so whoever is behind this has deep pockets. Thankfully, they were also clumsy and didn’t even consider using a name generator or otherwise hiding their trail.

I applaud Nicholas Whyte and the Glasgow Hugo team for transparency in what must have been a difficult decision, because Hugo ballots are not disqualified lightly, and also for keeping the name of the finalist in question out of this.

That said, speculations are obviously flying high, both among finalists and the general public. I’ve been told that some of the fake member names were visible on the public membership list until fairly recently and I have seen screenshots, but most of those names seem to have been removed. The list of countries of origin of Worldcon members broken down into membership categories is also interesting.

John/ErsatzCulture noticed the membership weirdness some time ago and took screenshots, which he shared on Twitter. He also points out that the Glasgow statement refers merely to a finalist and notes that there are more Hugo categories than just the fiction categories.

Of course, this is all just speculation. We don’t know who the finalist in question is, though we can make some educated guesses, and we will probably be able to tell for sure when the detailed voting data is released, though the fraudulent ballots have been removed.

ETA: John/ErsatzCulture also tweeted that it’s possible to make an educated guess about who the finalist in question might be by checking out the number and range of nominations needed to make ballot that was released with the finalist announcement, because there is a notable outlier in one category. Though again, we have no way of knowing for sure and there is also no indication that this finalist was aware of what was going on.

ETA 07-24-2024: Heather Rose Jones has taken up John/ErsatzCulture’s suggestion and compared the 2024 Hugo nomination data we have at this point (the full nomination data won’t be released until after the Hugo ceremony) to previous years and found that two categories – Best Fancast and Best Related – did receive more nominations than usual for those categories and had outliers, where one finalist received a lot of nominations. However, Heather also points out that this isn’t without precedent and that there have been previous examples where the Hugo electorate had a strong preference for one finalist who received a lot more nominations than the next finalist. So in short, something shady might be up or it might be that a lot of people organically nominated one particular finalist. At this point, it’s too early to tell.

Also, as I said in my coverage of the 2023 Hugo mess, it’s never a great idea to try to screw with a community that does data analysis for fun, because you’ll not only get caught, but they’ll probably catch the Worldcon member who filled out a ballot on behalf of their cat, too, while they’re at it. And last year’s and this year’s attempt to manipulate the Hugo votes were so clumsy that it’s amazing anybody thought they could get away with this.

ETA 07-24-2024: Another theory is that this might be a case of betting fraud, since a betting website is offering betting on the Hugo winners for Best Novel, Best Graphic Story and Best Fancast. Best Fancast is one of the two outlier categories identified by Heather Rose Jones. Of course, you can bet on pretty much anything, if you’re so inclined, and besides, the betting website wrongly credits the Publishing Rodeo fancast to Steven Soderbergh rather than to Sunyi Dean and Scott Drakeford, who actually run it.

There is some discussion about this issue in the comments at File 770 and Camestros Felapton’s blog.

Also, considering a WSFS membership includes privileges other than Hugo voting, may I remind you to vote in site selection for the 2026 Worldcon this year, if you’re an attending or supporting Worldcon member. The race seems uncontested, since the only bid is for Los Angeles, California, but write-ins are a possibility.

ETA: 2024 Hugo finalist John Scalzi weighs in on the latest Hugo drama and praises the Glasgow Hugo team for their handling of the issue.

ETA 2: The latest round of Hugo drama has reached the Guardian. The headline of Sian Cain’s article is misleading, since it says that the fraudulent votes were intended to benefit a writer. However, the statement by the Glasgow Hugo team only uses the term “finalist” and never specifies that the finalist in question is a writer, since there are Hugo categories which are not for written works.

ETA 07-24-2024: The latest round of Hugo drama has reached CNN, a news outlet I don’t recall covering the Hugos in previous years. There is an article by Louis Mian and the Hugo drama is also included in CNN‘s “Five Things” brief news round-up.

ETA 2 07-24-2024: The Bookseller also has an article by Maia Snow about the Hugo fraud attempt. This one doesn’t say anything new, though it’s interesting that the illustration is a bin of used Star Trek tie-in novels. Nothing against Star Trek tie-in novels – I think a lot of us read and enjoyed them back in the day – but it’s not really an ideal illustration for an article about the Hugo Awards.

ETA 3 07-24-2024: At Polygon, Tasha Robinson has a pretty extensive article about the current Hugo drama as well as a rundown of previous Hugo messes. The Polygon article also appears on the Spanish site Zona Gamer and the German site News Text Area in what appears to be a machine-translation (or a not very good human translation). Found via trackbacks to my site.

ETA 1 07-26-2024: BookRiot also has an article about the 2024 Hugo scandal with references to previous scandals.

ETA 2 07-26-2024: At Comics Beat, Dean Simons has an article about the 2024 Hugo voting fraud scandal with the depressing headline “Another year, Another scandal”.

ETA 4 07-26-2024: Mark McDougall reports about the 2024 Hugo voting fraud scandal for the Scottish newspaper The Herald.

ETA 07-25-2024: The Brazilian news site O Globo also has an article about the 2024 attempted Hugo fraud. Found via 2024 Nebula and Ignyte finalist Renan Bernardo.

Finally, in other, better news, the finalists for the 2024 Ignyte Awards have been announced today. I don’t cover the Ignytes in detail in this blog, because I have only so much bandwidth, but they alway have interesting finalists, including some that are overlooked by other genre awards. I’m particularly happy to see my good friends of the Simultaneous Times podcast on the Ignyte ballot this year.

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The 2024 July Short Story Challenge – Day by Day

Blogging is light right now, because I’m getting ready for Worldcon and I’m also doing the July Short Story Challenge again.

What is the July Short Story Challenge, you ask? Well, in July 2015, Dean Wesley Smith announced that he was planning to write a brand new short story every day during the month of July. The original post seems to be gone now, but the Wayback Machine has a copy here. At the time, several people announced that they would play along, so I decided to give it a try as well. And then I did it again the following year. And the next. And the next. If you want to read my post-mortems of the previous July short story challenges, here are the posts for 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023.

Initially I was unsure whether I was going to do the challenge this year, because I caught some nasty cold/flu bug (not covid according to a test) in June, which knocked me out for a week, and was also busy with translation work, taxes and preparations for Worldcon in Glasgow. But then I decided to give it a try and see I could make it work. And since I wasn’t sure whether I would be able to do the challenge, I also held off posting the day by day post.

Initially, I committed to the challenge only for a week, but when the first week was over, I kept going. And now we’re already at the two week mark, so I might as well post the day by day overview.

In previous years, I’ve always done a post-mortem post about the July Short Story Challenge in August. In 2019, I also started keeping a running tally of all stories written to date right here on this blog to hold myself accountable. It worked well and so I did it again in 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023. I will do it again this year as well and will update this post with every new story. This tally will be very basic, listing just the date, title, word count, genre, series, if any, and maybe a one or two sentence summary/comment.

Most of these stories will become longer in editing. Many will eventually change their titles and some may never see the light of day at all.

If you want to follow along with the challenge, bookmark this post. And if you want to play along or cheer me on, feel free to do so in the comments.

And now, let’s take a look at the stories:

July 1, 2024: “So You Want to Be a Cozy Witch…”, cozy fantasy, 1069 words

Basically, this story is a summary of every witch cozy mystery series ever. The inspiration was compiling the end-of-the-month new release round-up for the Speculative Fiction Showcase and the Indie Crime Scene. One type of book I unfailingly have in the round-up every month are witch cozies. And having read so many blurbs for witch cozies, it’s hard not to notice that these series have a lot of similarities. So I set out to write a ultimate guide to every witch cozy series ever.

July 2, 2024: “Hansemann’s Bakery” (The Culinary Assassin), crime fiction, 1366 words

The world’s only gourmet hitperson goes to a bakery, buys a caraway breadstick and kills an abusive husband.

Yeah, it’s another Culinary Assassin story. I really need to collect these, since I have a bunch of them by now. The inspiration for this story was heading to a local bakery when they open at five AM and it was just getting light outside. And yes, the bakery is real.

July 3, 2024: “The Restaurant at the End of the World”, post-apocalyptic, 3182 words

Steve is fourteen, when the nukes fall. He survives inside an abandoned Cold War era bunker in the woods. When his supplies finally run out after four years, Steve is forced to leave his bunker in search of other survivors. But all he finds are burned out ruins, until he comes across an almost intact restaurant by a crossroads – and it’s owner, Ruth…

The inspiration for this story was this piece of concept art by Alariko. Steve is named for Steve Guttenberg, who was in The Day After, while Ruth is named for the closest thing to a protagonist that Threads has.

July 4, 2024: “Limbo”, crime fiction, 774 words

Sam is in prison, awaiting execution. But there is an unexpected delay…

The inspiration for this one was Punk Noir Magazine‘s flash fiction writing prompt “Limbo”. Of course, I missed the deadline to actually submit the story, but nonetheless, I suddenly had the idea of writing a story about someone in prison, awaiting execution.

July 5, 2024: “The Watcher on the Heath”, historical fiction, 1407 words

Millennia of history are told from the POV of a glacial erratic deposited on the heath.

The inspiration for this one was visiting a neolithic grave mound and assembly of glacial erratics in the village of Anderlingen.

July 6, 2024: “The Night The Thing Attacked Harbour Town”, cosmic horror, 1590 words

Prohibition era gangsters versus Cthulhu, ’nuff said.

The inspiration for this one were these three pieces of fantasy art by Richard Wright.

July 7, 2024: “Revenge of the Black Gargoyle”, pulp fiction, 2469 words

Thomas DeVane a.k.a. the vigilante the Black Gargoyle has finally found the man who murdered his parents, industrialist Atlas Snow. So DeVane infiltrates Snow’s skyscraper headquarters to take out the man himself.

The inspiration for this story was this piece of artwork by Christophe Vacher. It appealed because of the pulpy vibes and so I wrote a pulp vigilante story. Of course, I already have a pulp vigilante character in Richard Blakemore a.k.a. The Silencer, but he wouldn’t have worked for this story because of the revenge angle. So I created a new character who is somewhat inspired by Batman.

July 8, 2024: “The Whispering Stone”, time travel, 1102 words

In a small town about an hour inland from the North Sea there stands a stone stele that emits eerie whispers. The stele is very old and mentioned in the writings of Roman historians, Frakish missionaries and medieval chronists. Once recording equipment becomes available, scientists examine the stele and record the whispers and finally realise that they are message transmitted through time. And then they receive a terrifying warning…

The inspiration for this story is a sculpture in the city park of the town of Zeven named the Time Whisperer. I came across the sculpture during a stroll through the city park, though I can’t find any info about it online. The name intrigued me, so I wondered what if that sculpture really could transmit whispered through time. The story grew from there.

July 9, 2024:  “Meg’s First Day of School”, post-apocalyptic, 541 words

Meg lives in a mountain hut and today is her first day of school in the valley. But getting there requires crossing a field full of fallen mechas left over from the robot uprising…

The inspiration for this story was a piece of science fiction art of a little girl in a meadow full of fallen and overgrown robots. Unfortunately, I forgot to bookmark the artwork and I can’t find it right now. This is more of a vignette than a story, but I was tired.

July 10, 2024: “Fairy Doors”, fantasy, 1937 words

Fairy doors suddenly appear in the trunks of tree all over the neighbourhood of Shady Grove. The people believe it’s a prank or an art project, though no one ever comes forward to confess being responsible. Nonetheless, everybody is delighted. But then a cat goes missing and then other pets. And finally, children go missing…

The inspiration for this story was an article about fairy doors appearing in Brooklyn Heights. This story starts off quite cosily and then takes a turn into darkness…

July 11, 2024: “Home Story”, horror, 911 words

A TV journalist arrives at the country home of Secretary of the Interior Jeremiah Rice-Smythe. However, all is very much not as it seems…

The inspiration for this story was a news headline that the former British conservative MP Jacob Rees-Mogg would star in reality about himself and his family, which prompted plenty of jokes on Twitter about how Rees-Mogg was a vampire or some Lovecraftian entity. So I thought, what if he really was a vampire. What would happen to that TV team?

July 12, 2024: “King of the Raven”, horror, 572 words

Ravens are gatherine in the town of Fog Haven, watching and waiting for their king to arrive…

The inspiration for this story was this piece of horror art by Denis Loebner and the book and movie The Birds. Another quick flash piece, because I was tired.

July 13, 2024: “The Skull Mace”, dark fantasy, 697 words

The skull mace is a prized museum exhibit, a rare artefact of the Vilkor people who used the body parts of their slain enemies to fashion their weapons. But intern Kitty Chan questions whether it’s ethical to display a weapon made from a human skull. The skull, meanwhile, has ideas of its own…

The inspiration for this story was this drawing by Alexander Trufanov of a mace made from a skull, paired with a recent Twitter thread about museum exhibitions, warning labels and exhibits removed from display or not. Kitty Chan is also the name of the doomed museum intern from my story Paris Green.

July 14, 2o24: “Revenge Served Hot”, crime fiction, 428 words

The unnamed protagonist has had enough and decides to take revege on a greedy law firm. So the protagonist heads to the law firm’s office, a can of gasoline hidden in their briefcase…

The inspiration for this one was a report about an lethal arson attack on a club in Munich in 1984, which I had never heard of before. The real arsonists were far right fundamentalist Catholics intent on exterminating supposed “sinners”, but I changed the target and motivation of the arsonist.

This is the shortest story yet, but it didn’t any more space and I’m quite happy with how it came out.

July 15, 2024: “Indigo Deep”, cosmic horror, 606 words

Indigo Deep is a unique undersea luxury resort and its biggest attraction is the Deep Water Lounge, where you can watch deep sea lifeforms in their natural habitat through the large observation windows while enjoying a five course gourmet meal. The highpoint of the evening is when a Great Old One shows up outside the observation windows during the fourth course. However, the guests of Indigo Deep are about to find out that tonight, they are the last course on the menu…

This story was inspired by this piece of artwork by Denis Loebner. It’s very bare bones and will need fleshing out, but I rather like the idea.

July 16, 2024: “The Lighthouse at the Edge of the World”, cozy fantasy, 2140 words

Fifteen-year-old Fiete ran away to sea, because he wanted to get out of the confines of his hometown and he wanted adventure. He certainly found it, too, when the signed on aboard the Cockatrice, which is headed for the edge of the world and beyond.  Alas, the sea is treacherous so close to the edge of the world. The Cockatrice sinks and while Fiete survives, clinging to a barrel, he is pulled inexorably towards the waterfall at the edge of the world. But then he finds salvation in a lighthouse that sits at the very edge of the world…

The inspiration for this story was this piece of fantasy art by Denis Loebner. I really like how this story came out.

July 17, 2024: “The Tall Man of Misty Valley” (Hallowind Cove), cozy horror, 1448 words

One evening, electrician Bob O’Leary stumbles into The Croaking Foghorn, a harbourside pub in the fog-shrouded seaside town of Hallowind Cove, also known as harbour of the weird due to being a magnet for supernatural occurrences. Bob needs a drink and he has a story to tell, a story about his encounter with the Tall Man…

Yup, it’s another Hallowind Cove story and another tale told in a bar. The inspiration for this one were these two pieces of fantasy art by Denis Loebner.

July 18, 2024: “Headsman’s Cross”, historical fiction, 1459 words

Matthias von Zornhau is a travelling executioner in medieval Germany. He’s unhappy with the profession he was forced into and while taking a break on the shores of the Baltic Sea, he has an epiphany…

The inspiration for this story was this piece of artwork by Piotr Jab?o?ski called Headsman’s Cross. It looks like an executioner’s sword rammed into the ground, so the pommel and crossguard form a cross, while the sun comes up behind, so I wondered what might persuade an executioner to abandon the most importanht instrument of his job like this. I’m quite happy with how this story came out.

July 19, 2024: “The White Tree”, dark fantasy, 869 words

The Sorceress Lilaya goes on a pilgrimage to the mythical white tree to beg for a cure for the silver fever which has struck down her lover Oronis. But there is a price for the tree’s aid…

This inspiration for the story was this piece of fantasy artwork by Nele Diel. Considering how short the story is, this one gave me a lot of trouble.

July 20, 2024: “Dark Homecoming”, dark fantasy, 1070 words

Keragon was driven out of the mountain kingdom of Caridia when he was just a boy – for being born a bastard and dabbling in magic. Now, fifteen years later, he’s back, armed with powerful magic and thirsting for revenge. But things don’t go the way he thinks…

The inspiration for this story was this piece of fantasy artwork by Nele Diel.

July 21, 2024: “The Mystery of Gnumpet Rock”, Nordic noir weird, 1909 words

The famous painter Lars Ramsland goes missing on a nature painting trip in Northern Norway. Inspector Karin Sandvik of the Bergen Police is called in to find him. She does manage to track Ramsland to his last painting spot on a plateau opposite a curious jutting rock named Gnumpet Rock that is a connected to a local legend. But sometimes, there is no culprit who can be arrested and no explanation that makes sense in a rational world.

The inspiration for this story was this piece of fantasy artwork by Ørjan Ruttenborg Svendsen (who’s actually Swedish rather than Norwegian). I actually wrote another Noridc Noir Weird (hey, I coined a new genre) story for a previous July short story challenge, where the premise is basically Inspector Wallander meets aliens. Maybe this should be a collection eventually.

July 22, 2024: “The Ghostcatcher” (Jelka the Ghostcatcher) , sword and sorcery, 783 words

Jelka is a ghostcatcher, who prowls graveyards and other places of death by night to capture ghosts and sell them to alchemists, sorcerors, necromancers and anybody else who has need of a ghost in a jar.

This is another story inspired by a piece of fantasy art, namely this one by Lie Setiawan.

July 23, 2024:  “The Hand of Glory” (Jelka, the Ghostcatcher), sword and sorcery, 1071 words

Jelka the Ghostcatcher returns, this time to steal the hand of a hanged women and sell it to an alchemist to make a Hand of Glory.

The inspiration for this story was this piece of fantasy art by James-Christopher Fauvelle as well as coming across a reference to a Hand of Glory. And since I already had a character who supplies alchemists and sorcerers with hard to come by ingredients, I just reused Jelka, so I guess she’s a series character now.

July 24, 2024: “Clone No. 17 is Dead”, science fiction, 340 words

Colonel Dhansak reports to his superior General Madras that another member of their clone army has keeled over and died.

A very short flash piece today, but then I had a busy day. The inspiration for the story was this piece of science fiction art by Alex Pronin and its title.

July 25, 2024: “The Crypt of the Mourning Lady” (Jelka, the Ghostcatcher), sword and sorcery, 1394 words

Jelka the Ghostcatcher is hired to procure a specific ghost from a private cemetery and the tomb known as the crypt of the mourning lady…

Yup, it’s another Jelka story, the third to originate from this challenge. I guess there’ll be a collection eventually. The inspiration for this one was this piece of fantasy art by Erik Nykvist.

July 26, 2024: “Invasion Thwarted”, science fiction, 656 words

An alien invasion of Earth is thwarted, when the aliens decide to land in Antarctica, but are not at all prepared for cold and ice…

A short flash piece, because I had a busy day. This one was inspired by a piece of SFF art, depicting spaceships frozen in the ice, but I can’t find it now.

July 27, 2024: “The Valley of the Cosmonauts”, post-apocalpytic, 1367 words

Ruslan and Nazira work as couriers in Kazakhstan after a nuclear war. One day, they must cross the Valley of the Cosmonauts, a former rocket launch site littered with giant statues of cosmonauts…

This story was inspired by two pieces of evocative SFF art, namely this one and this one by Xiaoyu Wang. There isn’t much of a plot, it’s more of a mood piece, but I like how this one came out.

July 28, 2024: “The Gateway”, time travel, 1091 words

1241 AD: The Cistercian monk Brother Aloysius walks through the large gateway into the abbey church and emerges into a scene of pure hell and pandaemonium. Will his faith be enough to protext him?

2024 AD: Chief Inspector Katrin Nordholz and her assistant Inspector Nils Hatten investigate the mysterious death of a man dressed in a monk’s robe who stumbled into traffic and was run over outside a ruined abbey. But where did the mysterious monk come from, when no monk has been reported missing?

The inspiration for this story was Caspar David Friedrich’s famous (and lost) painting “Ruined abbey in the snow”. Friedrich’s painting depicts Eldena abbey near Greifswald, but even though I have visited Eldena abbey, what I had in mind was Hude abbey rather than Eldena. They’re both Cistercian ruins, though.

I really like the idea behind this one and may expand it.

July 29, 2024: “The Grove of Thorns”, folk horror, 716 words

The woodland known as the Grove of Thorns has been standing in the middle of the moors for as long as anybody can remember. And for just as long, the locals have avoided the grove and children have been warned never to go there. But warnings do not deter fourteen-year-old Aidan, who is determined to visit the Grove of Thorns one summer day…

This creepy little folk horror tale was inspired by this piece of horror artwork by Nikita Shushman. In general, I seem to be writing a lot of flash pieces this year, but then the past few days have been difficult with Worldcon less than a week away, SpiralCon and the workload generated by the Speculative Fiction Showcase link round-up near tripling due to all the news from San Diego Comic Con.

July 30, 2024: “The Bones in the Forest”, fantasy, 797 words

While chasing after an escaped goat, Mellyn finds the bones of a giant creature on a hilltop as well as a rusty sword still embedded in the ribcage. Her grandfather tells her the story of Morvoren, the last dragon, and of the knight who claimed to have slain him, but was cheated out of his just reward…

Another flash piece. Gearing up for Worldcon, I’ve been busy, so flash pieces are all I can manage right now. The inspiration was this piece of fantasy artwork by Jesper Andersen.

July 31, 2024: “Witch Queen of the Shadow Isle”, sword and sorcery, 2020 words

Aurya, captain in army of Avoria, leads her squad of amazon warriors against the stronghold of Vultra, the Witch Queen of the Shadow Isle. But Vultra is not what she seems and harbours a deadly secret. However, Aurya has a secret of her own…

A longer story to finish the challenge. The inspiration for this story was this stunning piece of fantasy artwork by Simon Eckert based on the 1980s Golden Girl toyline by Galoob. Golden Girl and the Guardians of the Gemstones was a She-Ra competitor that at least here in Germany actually hit shelves before She-Ra herself did. I actually have two of the figures in my collection and always liked them, though I remember very little of the backstory. Not that I think there was much backstory or a lot of serial numbers to file off.

This story is basically the Golden Girl version of the 2018 She-Ra reboot, where everybody is queer. I really like this one and think I will expand it eventually.

***

And that’s it for the 2024 July short story challenge. This one was hard at time, particularly towards the end, when I was busy with Worldcon preparations.

Lots of flash pieces this time around, but also some more substantial stories plus a new character in Jelka the Ghostcatcher and a handful of stories I really like.

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Comic Review: Masters of the Universe Revolution Prequel #2 by Ted Biaselli, Rob David, Tim Sheridan and Daniel HDR

This post continues my issue by issue review of the Masters of the Universe Revolution prequel comic mini-series written by Ted Biaselli, Rob David and Tim Sheridan with art by Daniel HDR and Keith Champagne with a look at issue 2. For my take on issue 1, go here.

While the first issue opened with the creation of the universe according to Ha’vok, this issue opens in outer space. We see Zal-Kron, a glittering crystalline orb in space. An unseen voice explains that Zal-Kron is a kind of Dyson sphere that houses an advanced civilisation and masquerades as a star to keep would-be invaders away. For Zal-Kron has developed advanced crystal-based semiconductor technology, which would make them a juicy morsel for any would-be conqueror and has now brought a Horde cruiser to their doorstep. And the crew of that Horde cruiser is not fooled by the star disguise at all.

I know my fair share of Masters of the Universe lore, but I’d never heard of Zal-Kron before. I initially assumed Zal-Kron originated in The New Adventures of He-Man cartoon, because New Adventures had a science fiction/space setting, so that would make sense. However, it turns out that Zal-Kron and its inhabitants actually stem from a Brazilian Masters of the Universe comic, so that’s a very deep cut. Though artist Daniel HDR is Brazilian and therefore familiar with those comics. Besides, I’m also happy to see the various international Masters of the Universe tie-in media acknowledged, whether it’s the German audio dramas or Brazilian comics or whatever else is out there. Because in its heyday, Masters of the Universe was a truly global phenomenon and to some degree it still is.

The scene then shifts to the bridge of the Horde cruiser, where we see Keldor in full Horde garb, sprawled in the captain’s chair while channelling his inner Captain Kirk, which makes sense, considering that William Shatner voiced Keldor in Masters of the Universe: Revolution. And yes, I’m sure that the bridge of the Horde cruiser was very deliberately designed to look like the bridge of the USS Enterprise NCC-1701 to evoke that Star Trek feeling. Screen Rant reviewer Shaun Corley also notes the Star Trek parallels here.

Captain Keldor’s crew consists of several familiar Horde members whom we already saw in issue 1. The infodump about Zal-Kron is delivered by none other than Galen Nycroft a.l.a. Modulok. Again, this makes sense, because J. Michael Straczynski, who created the backstory for the character, loosely based him on Mr. Spock – if Spock were evil, had two heads and could reconfigure his body. And if Modulok is the Spock to Keldor’s Kirk – well, imagining the fan fiction is fascinating, especially since Keldor has been confirmed as bisexual in the Masters of the Multiverse comic mini-series.

Also present on the bridge are Mantenna, new Horde members Tarangela and Succubug, who seems to have taken Uhura’s part, as well as Grizzlor (explicitly addressed as “Mr. Grizzlor” by Keldor at one point) who mans the weapons station. This turns out to be a mistake, because Grizzlor isn’t the sharpest knife in the Horde’s cutlery drawer and indeed there’s a running gag of other characters telling Grizzlor to shut up, because he’s not very smart. And so Grizzlor not only arms the torpedoes, as Keldor orders, but fires them as well – after all the firing button is right next to the other one – which pretty much ruins Hordak’s orders to observe and gather intelligence, but not to engage. Not that Keldor minds much, though he does tell Grizzlor to shut up. On the contrary, he seems to be having the time of his life in a glorious splash page that shows him cutting loose with his magic and blasting the hapless inhabitants of Zal-Kron. I enjoyed Daniel HDR’s artwork in issue 1, but issue 2 is even better, because Daniel HDR clearly excels at drawing gorgeous science fiction settings.

Masters of the Universe may be primarily fantasy, but there have always been science fiction elements as well. Spaceships aren’t all that uncommon in Masters of the Universe. We see several spaceships in the Filmation He-Man cartoon and even more in the She-Ra cartoon. Even Skeletor or rather Keldor commanding a spaceship isn’t something we haven’t seen before – since Skeletor did exactly that in 65 episodes of the New Adventures of He-Man cartoon.

What is more, there are quite a lot of links between Star Trek and Masters of the Universe. Filmation produced both the original He-Man and She-Ra cartoons and Star Trek: The Animated Series. All three shows also shared several sound effects. What is more, Star Trek writer and story editor D.C. Fontana also wrote the memorable He-Man episode “Battlecat”, which explains how Adam found Cringer and how Cringer first became Battlecat. And Masters of the Universe: Revolution has three Star Trek actor among its stellar voice cast: William Shatner as Keldor, John de Lancie as Granamyr and Gates McFadden as Queen Marlena.

But in spite of all the behind the scenes connections, the explicit Star Trek feel is something new for Masters of the Universe. Because Masters of the Universe spaceships normally don’t look all that Star Trek inspired but instead draw on sources ranging from vintage pulp science fiction via Star Wars, H.R. Giger and Jack Kirby comics to 1980s science fiction. In New Adventures, Skeletor looks positively cyberpunky. His crew are a bunch of Space Mutants who are among the most bizarre beings ever seen in Masters of the Universe, a property which has plenty of weird creatures. The Mutant Mothership is an organic looking monstrosity, while the Space Mutants’ base Nordor is a hollow moon shaped like a skull. In the Filmation She-Ra cartoon, Horde Prime’s flagship The Velvet Glove (which must be one of the best spaceship names of all time) is a Gigeresque nightmare of pipes and jets, which sports a stylized face of someone who looks like a member of Hordak’s species (likely Horde Prime). So in short, spaceships in the various incarnations of Masters of the Universe are usually a lot weirder than those of Star Trek. That said, it’s notable that the exterior of the Horde cruiser seen in orbit above Zal-Kron in the opening page looks exactly like the Horde cruiser King Micah of Bright Moon used to escape from imprisonment on Horde World in the Filmation She-Ra episode “Micah of Bright Moon”. The interior is very different, because the cruiser stolen by Micah has a much smaller cockpit than the large Star Trek style bridge seen in this comic.

That said, while parts of this comic have a distinct Star Trek vibe, this is very much the Star Trek of the mirror universe, not the prime universe. Because Keldor and the Horde, even if they’re cosplaying Star Trek, are still very much the bad guys here who attack an innocent world with zero provocation. In the previous issue, Keldor was still a confused young man who’d been raised with expectations of future greatness he doesn’t know how to fulfil and who wants nothing more than for his Daddy to love him. But by issue 2, he is a full blown villain, though he is still Keldor and not yet Skeletor. Also – and I hate to say this – he is a very handsome villain. Now Keldor usually is portrayed as handsome, because that makes the contrast to Skeletor even bigger. But Daniel HDR’s version of Keldor is very handsome indeed and – dare I say it – sexy. I could completely understand Lyn falling for him, except that in the Revelation/Revolution continuity, Lyn didn’t even meet Keldor until he was Skeletor.

While Keldor and the Horde Forces are taking Zal-Kron, Hordak – who never fights his own battles, as he himself pointed out in Masters of Universe: Revolution – is once again elsewhere. We see him in what appears to be a yurt with a burning fire and a baby’s crib filled with straw. Of course, Hordak and baby cribs will always be associated in our minds due to the kidnapping scene from The Secret of the Sword. But that’s not what we’re seeing here. Instead. we are seeing a memory or rather a dream of Hordak’s childhood and the place where he spent it with his older brother – an older brother who enjoyed games and riddles and tormenting his younger sibling. That older brother of course grew up to be Horde Prime (which is confirmed later on in the comic). We also learn the name their father, because Hordak is referred to as “Son of Gaull”.

The yurt, the fire and the crib – which turns out to be empty – look very low tech, almost primitive, which is fascinating, because I for one had not expected that Hordak and Horde Prime, the two premiere tech lords of the galaxy, grew up in a yurt and slept in straw-filled cribs. I also hadn’t expected Hordak to come from a steppe culture. But then, we’ve never actually seen another member of Hordak’s species except for Horde Prime (and we never see him in the original Filmation cartoon either, though we do see him later in in comics and of course in the 2018 She-Ra series, which has a completely different continuity), so we don’t know anything about Hordak’s people. Of course, this also begets the question: How exactly did two boys from a steppe culture grow up to run a high tech intergalactic empire?

Masters of the Universe Classics Horde Prime and Despara and Masterverse Emperor Hordak

An unhappy family: The sons of Gaull, Horde Prime and Hordak, and Hordak’s adopted daughter Despara. I must really get Horde Prime his staff, which was sold as part of a Masters of the Universe Classics Weapons Pack, because without his staff, Horde Prime feels rather impotent. And we don’t want the supreme ruler of the Horde Empire to feel impotent, do we?

While Hordak is dreaming of his clearly unpleasant childhood, an unseen voice is taunting him and also points out that there are a lot of parallels between Hordak and their mutual acquaintance, Prince Keldor, since both suffer from a massive and extremely toxic case of sibling rivalry. Though it must be noted that Keldor didn’t hate or resent his younger brother, at least not when we encounter them as young children in Masters of the Universe Revolution. Meanwhile, Hordak seems to have had a terrible relationship with his brother from the very start.

The reference to Keldor finally tips off Hordak about the identity of the unseen voice. It’s none other than Shadow Weaver, though she is only referred to as “Weaver” here and also doesn’t wear her iconic fuchsia-coloured robes, probably due to the well-known rights issues with the characters originating in the Filmation She-Ra cartoon.

Hordak is understandably pissed off that Shadow Weaver is invading his dreams. We also get an image of Hordak enjoying his “nightly restoration cycle”, as he puts it, in a high-tech bed aboard the Horde flagship, surrounded by monitors and with cables attached to him. This suggests that Hordak needs regular medical support, which again isn’t something we haven’t seen before. After all, Hordak is very old – hundreds, possibly thousands of years old – and we don’t know if his species gets so old naturally or whether they require life-extending technology. Hordak also has cybernetic parts such as his arm cannon and his ability to transform into anything from a rocket to a tank is also clearly not something he was born with. The “Eternity War” comics by DC show Hordak permanently attached to a mess of cables that keep him alive and in the 2018 She-Ra cartoon, Hordak is suffering from a genetic defect and needs his suit/exeskeleton to keep him alive and upright.  Something similar is likely happening here.

As for why Shadow Weaver is invading Hordak’s dreams – or, as she cattily puts it, nightmares – it turns out that the rest of her coven of Ha’vok worshipping weird sisters were not exactly thrilled when Shadow Weaver told Hordak about the Havoc Staff and that he needed to find someone to wield it on his behalf. They clearly would be even less thrilled, if they were to find out that Shadow Weaver is still hanging out with Hordak and so she can only communicate with Hordak in his dreams. Though Hordak doesn’t want to talk to Shadow Weaver at all. After all, she already pointed him towards Keldor and the Havoc Staff, so Hordak no longer has any need for her. Shadow Weaver, however, points out that Hordak still needs to learn more about Keldor, about his backstory, his dreams and ambitions, if he is to use Keldor to fulfil his own ambitions. Shadow Weaver also promises Hordak to turn Keldor into a loaded weapon. And because Shadow Weaver has always been a master or rather mistress of manipulation and knows exactly how to push Hordak’s buttons, she tells Hordak that his brother would try to learn everything about Keldor, because you can’t expect to play the game, if you haven’t learned the rules.

So Hordak agrees to communicate with Shadow Weaver in his dreams, though he really doesn’t want to spend time in the yurt of his childhood trauma and instead suggests changing the scenery to his private chambers. These briefly glimpsed chambers are another fascinating design. There is a domed ceiling – possibly a conscious or subconscious reminder of the yurts of his childhood – and the entire place is filled with hunting trophies and all sorts of preserved animals. To stick with the Star Trek parallels, Hordak’s chambers are reminiscent of Captain Gabriel Lorca’s ready room aboard the Discovery with its stuffed Gorn and tortured Tribbles. Besides, we have seen before that Hordak likes to collect animals, both dead and alive. There’s a quite well-known piece of Masters of the Universe art, showing Hordak in his office with a framed photo of She-Ra on his desk, his little pal Imp pretending to be a desk lamp and the head of She-Ra’s faithful steed Swift Wind mounted on a plaque on the wall. And in the Filmation episode “Zoo Story”, we learn that Hordak has his own private zoo, where he keeps endangered animals imprisoned for his own pleasure.

But before Hordak and Shadow Weaver can continue to delve into Keldor’s mind and memories, Hordak first has to deal with the issue at hand. For his new Force Captain Keldor has conquered Zal-Kron for the Horde – unfortunately in direct defiance of Hordak’s orders to not engage. What is more, Keldor is obviously proud of his achievement and hankering for Hordak’s approval. He even has a present for Hordak, the Zal-Kronian ruler Queen Zal, and triumphantly presents the bound and hooded prisoner to Hordak. And yes, Keldor giving Hordak a bound and hooded woman, who is being led around on a halter by Grizzlor and Leech, as a present is rather disturbing in its implications. Of course, we know that Hordak enjoys imprisoning and tormenting the rulers of the planets he conquers. See what he had his underlings do to poor Stonedar in Masters of the Universe: Revolution or how he left Queen Angella of Bright Moon to the tender mercies of Hunga the Harpy and kept King Micah of Bright Moon imprisoned in a slave mine on Horde World in the She-Ra cartoon. So it’s absolutely in character for Hordak to imprison, enslave and humiliate the leaders of the worlds he conquers. Nonetheless, there is a sexual implication to Keldor giving Hordak the bound and hooded Queen Zal as a gift that we didn’t get with Stonedar. Masters of the Universe clearly draws a lot of inspiration from 1960s and 1970s SFF, both new works and older works which were being reprinted during that time. However, up to now, I had assumed that John Norman‘s Gor novels were not among them.

That said, Queen Zal isn’t some meek Gorean slave girl. As soon as Keldor yanks the hood of her head, she gives Hordak, Keldor and the rest of the Horde an earful, calls them filthy scum and promises that she will escape and once she does, they’re all dead. And as a nice nod to the Brazilian roots of the character, she speaks Portuguese. I don’t understand enough Portuguese to tell, but I’ve heard from Brazilian fans that the Portuguese dialogue were not mangled – unlike the hilariously terrible German dialogue found in various Marvel Comics in the 1980s and 1990s.

Hordak is not overly impressed by her threats nor by Queen Zal spitting him in the face. He orders Grizzlor (who is the Horde’s jailer in the Filmation cartoon) to lock her up in the brig of the Horde vessel and also displays unexpected language skills, when he replies in Portuguese that should Queen Zal use her tongue again, Grizzlor should remove it. Grizzlor would probably be only too glad to do that, considering that he threatened to eat Queen Zal earlier in the issue.

Even though Queen Zal did not prove to be the perfect gift for Hordak, Keldor is still hankering for his master’s approval – after all, he just conquered a whole planet for Hordak and presented it to him on a silver platter. Hordak, however, isn’t someone who praises subordinates. And so he reminds Keldor that his orders were to observe and gather intelligence, not to attack and conquer the planet.

“Well, yes, but…” a deflated Keldor stammers, whereupon Hordak notes that it’s been some time since they trained together and that Hordak knows just the place for a training session. Shortly thereafter, we see them sparring together in the Fright Zone in its toy form. We saw bits and pieces of this training session in flashbacks in Masters of the Universe: Revolution, but we see a lot more here.

Keldor is confused, because the Fright Zone looks just like home. Hordak replies that the Fright Zone isn’t Anwat Gar (and it’s telling that Hordak assumes Keldor was referring to Anwat Gar, when he said “home”, because personally I don’t think he ever really considered Anwat Gar home), though it exists there and in many other places as well. “It’s always lurking, bleeding through the cracks, anywhere darkness and dread may flourish. It defies dimension… and explanation.” So basically, the Fright Zone exists in another dimension and pops up, whenever and wherever people (in the loosest sense of the word) are scared, such as when the Horde is invading their island or planet. That’s also why Hordak can access the Fright Zone wherever he is, because he and the Horde spread fear and darkness.

Hordak also offers Keldor as much praise as he’s capable of giving and tells Keldor he did well on Zal-Kron, well enough that Hordak almost doesn’t care that Keldor disobeyed his orders. Keldor, who takes whatever crumbs of approval he can get, asks Hordak why he is still in training. Surely he has learned everything he can from physical combat and it’s time for Hordak to give Keldor the ancient magic he promised him. Hordak responds to this by kicking Keldor’s arse. Because even though Hordak doesn’t fight his own battles, but prefers to let others do the fighting for him, that doesn’t mean that he can’t fight. Hordak is a formidable fighter and so is Keldor. Yes, as Skeletor he may prefer to blast his opponents with magic, but he is also a skilled physical fighter and a master swordsman. This is particularly notable in the 2002 cartoon, where Keldor/Skeletor wields his iconic doubles blades.

Over the years, we have seen many combat training scenes in Masters of the Universe, usually involving Adam, Teela and Duncan. This scene is a lot more brutal, for while Adam landed on his butt during combat training more than once, those sessions with Teela and/or Duncan were always friendly and playful and no one was seriously hurt. Hordak, on the other hand, clearly hurts Keldor, though he stops short of killing him. This is the so-called “tough love” school of teaching, though there is no love involved. Instead Hordak tells Keldor that only by fighting, he’ll get stronger and that magic, though useful, is a cheat and won’t make Keldor strong. And then Hordak really twists the knife and tells Keldor that all the magic in the universe won’t make him his father’s son. Ouch.

Keldor is taken aback. How can Hordak even know about his father, when Keldor never told him about that? The answer is of course that a little bird named Shadow Weaver whispered it into Hordak’s ear, though Keldor has no way of knowing this and Hordak of course doesn’t tell him. Instead, Hordak describes Keldor’s father as a powerless king and magic worshipper who abandoned young Keldor on Anwat Gat and left the boy devastated and crying for weeks. Hordak calling Miro a powerless king is certainly telling, because as ruler of much of the light hemisphere of Eternia, Miro was actually a very powerful man. But of course, Hordak doesn’t want to rule a planet or a chunk of it, he wants to rule the galaxy. He also considers both Eternia and Etheria incredibly primitive place – and this remarkably consistent even in the 2018 She-Ra series, which departs the most from the regularly accepted canon. So King of Eternos is about as impressive to Hordak as king of an ant hill.

Hordak goes even further in his analysis of his acolyte. He tells Keldor that his highest ambition is to become his father’s champion and successor and that Keldor hopes mastering magic will make Miro love him and the people of Eternos accept him. Because no matter what he later says to Adam, Keldor never truly felt at home in Anwat Gar. His magical talent is the one thing Keldor has that Miro and Randor don’t have, so Keldor apparently believes that his magic will allow him to carve out a place for himself in Eternos. The fact that his mother Saryn insisted that Keldor learn magic probably played a role as well in causing Keldor to believe that if he masters magic, he can get out of Anwat Gar and back to Eternos and that he’ll finally be accepted there.

The sad thing is of course that Keldor gets everything he wants in Masters of the Universe: Revolution. When he helps to fight off the Motherboard cultists and Techno-Titan, the people of Eternos cheer Keldor on as a hero. Keldor also finally gains the crown he’s wanted all those years. Adam, Andra, Marlena, Orko, Cringer, Snout Spout and Rio Blast all accept Keldor – only Buzz-Off and Duncan are sceptical. And in fact, I wonder if Duncan actually knew Keldor before he was sent to Anwat Gar. We know that Randor and Duncan have been friends since they were boys, but “boys” could refer to little kids or to teenaged recruits in the Royal Guard. So how long exactly have Randor and Duncan known each other? And is the reason that Skeletor seems to have a particular dislike for Duncan that they knew each other as kids?

But even though Keldor finally gets everything he ever wanted in life – admiration, acceptance, family, the throne of Eternos – he throws it all away and betrays Eternos and his family to the Horde. And yes, Skeletor is still brainwashed by the Horde when he crashed Randor’s funeral as Keldor, but even after Motherboard smashed him around and accidentally undid the Horde’s brainwashing, Skeletor still goes along with Hordak’s plan and hands over Eternia to the Horde and only turns against Hordak, after most of Eternia has already been infected with the techno virus. If Skeletor had gone to Adam as soon as he remembered who he really was, I strongly suspect Adam would have forgiven him and suggested they join forces against the Horde. Because as we’ve seen several times, most recently in Masters of the Universe: Revelation, Adam doesn’t really want to fight Skeletor. It’s just that Skeletor always promptly attacks again, even after a temporary truce.

Hordak’s influence on Keldor goes a long way towards explaining this. Hordak tells Keldor that he’s been where Keldor is now – hankering for approval from someone who wouldn’t give it – and that he has learned the hard way that the power of being loved is no match for the power of being feared. Of all of Hordak’s lessons, Keldor clearly took this one to heart, because by the time he’s Skeletor, he abuses his henchpeople as much as his enemies, he completely ruins his relationship with Lyn, who clearly did have feeling for him once, and he’s not only unable to love anybody, but also doesn’t seem to understand what love even is beyond a weakness to exploit in others.

This becomes very clear, when Skeletor murders the Sorceress in part 2 of Masters of the Universe Revelation and Duncan completely breaks down in pain and grief. It’s one of those scenes that never fail to make me cry (and I don’t cry at movies very often). But what makes that scene hit even harder is that Skeletor literally doesn’t understand just why Duncan reacts the way he does, but at this point Skeletor isn’t just unable to love anybody, he doesn’t even know what love is.

Hordak is very similar. He also abuses his underlings as much as his enemies, he delights in cruelty and is unable to love anybody. That’s also why Hordak’s romance with Entrapta in the 2018 She-Ra cartoon – while unexpectedly sweet and heart-warming – also doesn’t really work for the character as he has been established since 1985. Because Hordak is a monster. And this comic does a great job showing just how much of a monster Hordak is.

As for Keldor, he still very much hankers for Hordak’s approval at this point. In their final battle in Masters of the Universe: Revolution, there’s a brief moment where Skeletor sees Hordak transform into his father King Miro in his mind, which clearly illustrates their relationship. Keldor was abandoned by his father as a young boy, taken away from the only life and home he ever knew (and his younger borther) and sent to Anwat Gar, where he didn’t want to be, to live with a mother he didn’t know. Keldor clearly did manage to forge a bond with his mother Saryn, but while we don’t know what exactly happened to Saryn, she’s obviously no longer in his life at this point. So Keldor was abandoned twice, by both his parents. When Hordak showed up and rescued Keldor from a terrifying situation, Keldor latched onto him as a father figure, only that Hordak can’t give Keldor what he needs either and will of course betray and abandon him in the end, too.

Hordak playing the Daddy card understandably gets Keldor upset, so that he cuts loose with his magic. But Hordak anticipated (and deliberately provoked) this reaction and manifests the cool translucent red laser shield and sword we saw him wielding in the Revolution cartoon (and I really hope we get a figure of Hordak in his battle armour with the translucent red sword and shield somewhere down the line) and proceeds to kick Keldor’s arse again. He also tells Keldor that his father Miro is a fool and that Keldor will inherit that title along with the crown, if he continues chasing the throne. Hordak, on the other hand, has so much more to offer to Keldor, as long as Keldor continues to practice and remains patient.

Keldor, however, is all out of patience. If Hordak can plays the Daddy card, well, then Keldor has an ace of his own up his sleeve (or rather his cloak, since he isn’t wearing a shirt). If Hordak invokes Keldor’s, Keldor will invoke Hordak’s. And he tells Keldor, “Well, if you can’t or won’t give me what I want, I’ll just go to your brother Horde Prime. Maybe he’ll understand me.” Once again, this shows that Keldor is still looking for a parent figure at this point, for someone who’ll understand him.

Hordak’s reaction to this display of insolence would be terrible indeed, but Keldor (and we) are spared it for now, because Hordak and Keldor are interrupted by a holographic call from Grizzlor who reports that Queen Zal has killed several guards, stolen a Horde shuttle and escaped. You go, girl! Honestly, Queen Zal is awesome.

Keldor immediately becomes apologetic for Grizzlor screwing up and offers to review the ship’s sensor logs to recapture the runaway queen, but Hordak wants to deal with the issue himself. He also tells Keldor that Hordak isn’t his father and that Keldor is nothing like Horde Prime and that Hordak will give Keldor the magical power he promised, once his training is complete. We know that this is one promise Hordak will keep, though we also know what happens to Keldor, once he touches the Havoc Staff. Hordak also tells Keldor to come to his private quarters aboard Horde flagship, because there is something Hordak wants to show him.

There’s also a neat Easter egg for long-time Masters of the Universe fans, because we see that Hordak and Keldor use Mantisaurs as a transport to get back to the flagship. A Mantisaur is a robotic praying mantis type creature that was Hordak’s mount in the 1980s toyline. Up to now, I always assumed Mantisaur was a unique creature like Battle Cat, Panthor and Swift Wind, but here Mantisaurs just seem to be a regular mount for Horde members. Mantisaur looks cool, but for some reason this creature was never made again, not in Classics, not in Origins, not in Masterverse. I saw one for sale at Los Amigos and briefly considered buying him, so my Hordak has something to ride. But I still hope that we’ll get a new one eventually.

There’s a scene shift and we see Hordak and Keldor in Hordak’s private quarters. We learn that Queen Zal and some of her lieutenants have escaped Zal-Kron, but that they’ll be back and the Horde will be ready for them. Did I mention that Queen Zal is awesome? But for now, Hordak still has another lesson for Keldor and shows him a device called a mnemonic cradle, basically a machine which can record and replay memories. Hordak gives a bit about its history – it was developed by an alien race called the Rovidians, who were highly technologically advanced, but had no long-term memory, so they created the mnemonic cradle to record their memories. Keldor notes that he’s never heard of the Rovidians. “Then my mission was a success”, Hordak replies, implying that the Horde either wiped out the Rovidians or enslaved them with no memories of who they used to be.

Hordak then encourages Keldor to try out the memory projector. Keldor does put on the memory projector. At first, he’s confused and asks Hordak what exactly he’s looking at. Hordak, of course, is only too happy to explain. Keldor is looking at the last memory of Hordak’s previous acolyte/magic wielder who was supremely ambitious and quickly rose through the ranks – until he decided to go behind Hordak’s back to Horde Prime. The sons of Gaull do not like each other, but nonetheless Horde Prime was so infuriated by the acolyte betraying his brother Hordak that he decided to have the acolyte tortured. And just to twist the knife further, Hordak tells Keldor that though this is the last memory of treacherous previous acolyte, the acolyte is actually still alive and still being tortured, he just doesn’t know why, because Hordak took all his memories – as a kind of mercy-killing which Horde Prime would never grant him.

We never actually see what Keldor is seeing, but the horrified look on his face is enough. Keldor eventually tears the memory projector from his head and collapses, because the experience was just too painful. Hordak, meanwhile, tells Keldor that he works for Hordak and only Hordak, not for Horde Prime and certainly not for himself. Then he orders the still visibly shaken Keldor to get out. It’s also notable that Keldor repeatedly tried to apologise for invoking Horde Prime, ever since he and Hordak left the Fright Zone, but Hordak always cuts him off.

“You work for me” is the very same line that Hordak says to Skeletor in Masters of the Universe. Revolution, when Skeletor turns against him. Just as Hordak does the same thing to Keldor – erase his memories and his past – that he did to his previous acolyte. In fact, I wonder just how many magic wielders Hordak has used and discarded over his long life. Keldor and Shadow Weaver are the best known of Hordak’s magic wielders, but we know that there have been many others such as the floating mages known as the Horde Wraiths whom we saw in th 2002 cartoon. There was a Horde Wraith figure in the Masters of the Universe Classics line, which you can see below. Unlike many other Classics figures, the Horde Wraith didn’t come with a bio on the back of the box, but a bio for this character was written and notes that these sorcerers have been enslaved by Hordak. So yes, Hordak has a long history of using, abusing and discarding magic wielders.

Masters of the Universe Classics Horde Wraith

A Horde Wraith sorceror as he appeared in the 2002 cartoon.

If Keldor were smart, he’d follow Queen Zal’s cue, steal a shuttle (I assume he can fly a spaceship) and hightail it back to Eternia. He wouldn’t even have to go back to Anwat Gar, he could go to Eternos. We don’t know if Miro was still king at this point or whether Randor was already king. Just as we don’t know what happened to Miro in the Revelation/Revolution continuity. But in most versions of the story, Miro vanished abruptly – kidnapped and imprisoned by the Enchantress in the Filmation cartoon and thrown by Count Marzo into an interdimensional portal in the Classics continuity – and Randor was forced to take the throne well before he was ready. I assume something similar happened in the Revelation/Revolution continuity as well. Coincidentally, we also have no idea what happened to Queen Amelia in this continuity. In the Classics mini-comics, which is the only other time she appeared, Keldor “accidentally” killed her, though that’s unlikely to have happened in this version of the story.

Anyway, if Randor is king at this point, he’d happily take Keldor back. After all, Randor loved his brother and never really stopped searching for him – see “The Search for Keldor” mini-comic. And even Miro would probably take Keldor back, especially if Keldor had intelligence about the Horde and their plans to offer.

However, for better or worse, Keldor decides to stick with Hordak. We later see him lying in his bunk aboard the Horde flagship – and unlike Hordak’s spacious quarters, Keldor really only has a bunk – having an uneasy sleep. In his dreams, he’s back on Anwat Gar and hearing the voice of his “mother” or at least what he thinks is his mother. “Saryn” tells Keldor that he has done well and that Hordak trusts him (even though Keldor has just painfully learned that Hordak doesn’t trust anybody). “Saryn” also tells Keldor that Hordak is the key to getting everything he wants and deserves and that Keldor should use him and wield him like a weapon, because for now he needs Hordak.

Interspersed with Keldor’s dream conversation with his mother, we see Hordak and Shadow Weaver communing inside a memory – presumably one of Hordak’s – of a burning city. Shadow Weaver tells Hordak that Keldor fears him, but that they must remember the prophecy. Keldor is Hordak’s sword and his key to getting what he wants, so Hordak should use him, because for now he needs Keldor.

It’s no coincidence that the two conversation, between Keldor and his “mother” on the one hand and Shadow Weaver and Hordak on the other, are very similar. Because the final page – a gorgeous splash page of Hordak and Keldor standing back to back with Shadow Weaver in the center, the hems of her robe curling around Hordak and Keldor like an Art Noveau frame, while the Havoc Staff looms above everything – reveals that not only is Shadow Weaver playing both Hordak and Keldor against each other, she is also the voice in Keldor’s head, impersonating Saryn.

This of course raises the question, if Shadow Weaver is impersonating Saryn, then what happened to the real Saryn? Unless Shadow Weaver is Saryn, but that would both contradict the established backstory of the character (which is remarkably consistent across all the iterations of the story) and also open several cans of worms, because a) Shadow Weaver also raises Keldor’s niece Adora has and is the closest thing to a parent figure Adora has, and b) in the proposal for the never produced He-Ro: Son of He-Man cartoon, Shadow Weaver is also the biological mother of Skeletor’s son Skeleteen, which suggests that Keldor/Skeletor and Shadow Weaver had sex at least once. So in short, I really can’t see Shadow Weaver being revealed as Saryn, because that would be just too freaky.

Personally, I suspect that Saryn is dead at this point and likely has been for a while. And since Saryn violated the laws of Anwat Gar and practiced magic, it’s quite possible that she was killed by the Gar, perhaps even in front of Keldor’s eyes, and that Keldor has suppressed this memory, because it’s just too painful for him. Shadow Weaver, meanwhile, exploits Keldor’s abandonment issues by pretending to be Saryn and she exploits Hordak’s ambition. The question is why? What does Shadow Weaver have to gain? Remember that she is a worshipper of Ha’voc, so maybe she simply wants the deity she worships to rise and rule – or destroy – the universe and she is willing to use two extremely dangerous men to get what she wants. But whatever the reason, Shadow Weaver is playing with fire here. Because both Hordak and Keldor would kill her, if they ever found out what she’s up to.

The Masters of the Universe: Revolution prequel comics are very much a story about villains. The closest thing to a hero there is in this story is Queen Zal. But while Queen Zal is awesome, she is not the focus of this story. The protagonists are Keldor, Hordak and Shadow Weaver, i.e. three of the worst people in Masters of the Universe.

Of these three, Keldor is the least terrible, to everybody’s amazement. Yes, he clearly is a villain here, but he’s not yet a monster. Note thta Keldor does not abuse or belittle the crew of his Horde cruiser, whereas Skeletor regularly abuses his Evil Warriors. Keldor has massive abandonment issues, since both Miro and Saryn abandoned him (though with Saryn, this probably wasn’t intentional), he is clearly traumatised, though we’re not entirely sure what happened, and he is hankering for approval from his parents and the people around him. And because of his abandonment issues, Keldor latched on to the nearest parent figures he found, who unfortunately happen to be Hordak and Shadow Weaver.

Hordak, meanwhile, is a monster. Yes, he probably had a terrible upbringing, but he’s nonetheless a monster who delights in torturing and abusing enemies and allies alike. Abusing subordinates has always been one of Hordak’s main traits – whether it’s dropping Mantenna down a trap door over and over again in the Filmation She-Ra cartoon, near-suffocating Catra in the 2018 She-Ra cartoon or torturing his acolytes and erasing their memories in Revolution and in this comic. Hordak tells Keldor it’s better to be feared than to be loved and this is clearly the mantra he lives by. That’s why he keeps abusing his own subordinates. And Keldor, who just had to pick worst role model imaginable, treats his Evil Warriors very much the same by the time he is Sleletor.

Ever since we first saw him in “The Secret of the Sword” (okay, theoretically, he appeared first in a mini-comic called “The Power of the Evil Horde”, but I didn’t read that until much later), it was obvious that while Skeletor is terrible, Hordak is worse. For starters, Hordak is the one who turned Skeletor into the villain he is today, though back in 1985 we didn’t yet know how very much Hordak was responsible for turning Keldor into Skeletor (and Keldor didn’t even exist yet – the name was not mentioned until two years later) this was. Plus, literally the first thing we see of Hordak is him stealing a helpless baby from its cradle. Skeletor has done many terrible things in his time, but he has never stolen a baby. For Hordak, meanwhile, baby stealing was his opening salvo.

But while Hordak is always terrible, the Hordak we see in Masters of the Universe: Revolution is the most monstrous the Ruthless Leader of the Evil Horde has ever been. That’s also the reason behind Hordak’s confrontation with Stonedar, where Hordak looks on, sprawled on his throne, as Mantenna, Grizzlor and Leech reduce poor Stonedar to pebbles. This scene is a reference to the Rock People’s first cartoon appearance in the She-Ra episode “The Rock People”, where Stonedar and Granita rescue the captured Rokkon from Hordak’s throne room and prove to be impervious to the combined fire power of the Evil Horde. And since the Rock People are pacifists, they’re not even trying to fight. So to see a beloved character like Stonedar (yes, a lot of people joke about the Rock People these days, but pretty much everybody who had the toys back in the day loved them, because they were great toys) completely demolished within less than a minute, not only shows that this version of the Horde is a lot more powerful and scary than their somewhat goofy portrayal in the the Filmation She-Ra cartoon, but also that this version of Hordak is a monster. The Revelation/Revolution Hordak won’t be redeemed by cupcakes, soup and the power of true love of a cute geek girl like his counterpart in the 2018 She-Ra reboot, he’s just pure monster.

Now I found the friendship/romance between Hordak and Entrapta in the 2018 She-Ra cartoon oddly endearing (and it has found its way into my toy photo stories), but it did soften Hordak too much and undermined the fact that this guy is a monster. Also, when I was looking for the artwork depicting Hordak in his study with Swift Wind’s head mounted on the wall behind him and googled “Hordak art”, half of what I got was Hordak being his horrible self and looking terrifying, while surrounded by his Horde or presiding over crucifications in one memorable piece of art. The other half of results was cute and romantic fanart of Hordak and Entrapta inspired by the 2018 cartoon. This combination of horrible intergalactic monster and cutesy romance art featuring the same character was incredibly incongruent.

The 2018 She-Ra and the Princesses of Power cartoon has been much criticised for giving Hordak of all people a happy ending. In addition to the fact that Hordak is a monster, what also makes him getting a happy ending so problematic is that the Horde Empire is a clear analogy for colonialism and has been since “The Secret of the Sword”. The Horde conquers random worlds, many of which are less technologically advanced, they subjugate or enslave the local population and imprison, torture or kill their leaders, they literally suck out the lifeforce of both people and land and leave behind a polluted wasteland. As an analogy, it’s not exactly subtle – which makes those complaints that He-Man and She-Ra have gone woke now so silly, because these shows were always woke. The original She-Ra cartoon had an episode about book burning, for heaven’s sake. So for a show like the 2018 She-Ra, which otherwise prides itself on its progressive values, body positivity and the sheer number of LGBTQ characters featured, to give the No. 2 man in a monstrous colonial empire a happy ending is not a good look.

In many ways, this comic is a story about intergenerational trauma and the cycle of abuse. Both Keldor and Hordak had terrible childhoods full of abuse, neglect and abandonment and grow up to be abusers and tyrants themselves, completely devoid of empathy. In many ways, these two are very similar, both driven by parental neglect and toxic sibling rivalry, both turning the desire to be loved and wanted into the desire to be feared, both wanting to dominate and subjugate others. That’s why these two initially work together pretty well and also why they eventually turn against each other, because they are just too similar. Plus, they both want to rule Eternia/the universe and no empire can have two tyrants.

At its heart, Masters of the Universe has always been a story about family. And while Hordak and Keldor show how family can turn toxic and breed villainy, we also have characters whose family backgrounds aren’t ideal either, but who do not take a turn towards villainy. Randor’s childhood probably wasn’t that much happier than Keldor’s. He saw his brother, whom he loved, taken away and was stuck with Miro and Amelia who clearly are pretty terrible parents. Miro didn’t win last year’s retro Darth Vader Parenthood Award for nothing. But while Keldor found Hordak to his and the universe’s detriment, Randor found a better role model in his father’s Man-at-Arms Dekker, a character who really deserves more appreciation than he gets. The first and only time we see Dekker on screen in the 2002 episode “The Island”, we learn that he was the one who trained Duncan and Randor, whom he calls Randy. We never see anything of that, but it seems to me as if Dekker served as a role model and father figure to two young men who needed one. Coincidentally, it’s also implied that he’s Andra’s grandfather.

Miro abruptly vanishes, leaving Randor to take a throne he clearly doesn’t want. However, Randor does not repeat his father’s mistakes. Randor marries his unsuitable girlfriend – and since Marlena is an alien, she’s just as, if not more, unsuitable than Saryn who is at least from the same planet, if not the same species.

Unfortunately, Randor isn’t all that good as a father either – he did win an honourable mention in the Darth Vader Parenthood Awards, after all – though he does patch his relationship with Adam towards the end of his life. However, like his father, Adam finds role models and support elsewhere. Adam has a great relationship with his mother and he has Duncan and quite possibly all the Heroic Warriors – most of them are considerably older than Adam and were Randor’s team before they were He-Man’s – as role models and surrogate father figures. He also has the Sorceress as a mentor and role model.

Teela has massive abandonment issues, just like Keldor. She never knew her mother and doesn’t know Duncan is her biological father. Those abandonment issues are the reason Teela is such an overachiever and always needs to be the best at everything – because she feels that she needs to prove that she’s worthy of being loved and cared for. She actually says as much in Masters of the Universe: Revelation. Meanwhile, this comic reveals that Keldor apparently assumes that if he becomes very skilled at magic, this will persuade his father and the people of Eternos to accept him. But while Keldor’s desire to be loved and accepted turns toxic, Teela’s doesn’t, largely because she has friends and people who care about her.

Finally, we have Adora whose childhood is every bit as terrible as Hordak’s or Keldor’s. Adora is stolen from her family as a baby and raised by Hordak and Shadow Weaver as a member of the Horde, gaslit and manipulated at every step. Hordak and Shadow Weaver do their utmost to turn Adora into a monster like them and they almost succeed, because Adora becomes a Horde Force Captain and takes part in battles and atrocities. And whenever Adora starts to ask questions, she has her memories erased again and again. However, Adora manages to break through her conditioning – with the help of Adam and his unfailing faith in her – and make a better life for herself. That’s also why Adora’s story is so powerful, regardless whether we’re talking about the original Filmation cartoon,  the 2018 reboot or the Eternity War comics, which made the redemption arc of Adora even more powerful, since she starts out as the full blown villainess Despara there.

It remains to be seen whether we will see Adam or Adora in the final two issues of this comic mini-series. But for now, the Masters of the Universe Revolution prequel comics are all about the villains. But since Hordak and Keldor/Skeletor are popular and fascinating characters, it doesn’t really matter. So bring on issue 3.

 

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